Tritt’s View of Young Goodman Brown :: Young Goodman Brown YGB

Tritt’s View of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† In the article, â€Å"‘Young Goodman Brown’ and the Psychology of Projection†, Michael Tritt critically analyzes Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† to construct the process of how Hawthorne regards Goodman Brown’s behavior. Tritt examines the phenomenon of projection in psychology and believes that â€Å"Brown’s compulsive condemnation of others, along with his consistent denial of his own culpability, illustrates a classically defined case of projection† (116). He defines projection as an unconscious process when a person projects their own traits or desires onto other people, thus representing a false perception on whom the projection is made. Tritt perceives Goodman Brown’s withdrawal is from the persuasion that he has not fallen in with his devilish community, thus Goodman Brown projects his guilt to them in an attempt to escape a guilty subconscious. While Goodman Brown is in the forest, he locates his anxieties upon the community that he lives in. The experience in the forest actually depicts Goodman Brown’s own evils. Tritt refers to Goodman Brown snatching away a child being catechized by Goody Cloyse: If Brown truly conceives of himself as fallen, why would he snatch the child from one fiend to yield yet another, namely himself? Brown must believe himself untainted, or at least less tainted than various members of his community. (115) Michael Tritt believes that Brown’s anxieties inevitably stick within his subconscious forever. The anxieties suggest a psychological design with aspects of misperception and false perception to reveal a projection process. Tritt asserts that Goodman Brown’s evil is located in others, and Brown believes himself to be without guilt although his desires are still in his subconscious. It is a â€Å"vice-like grip with which such process is paralyzing, indeed terrifying† (Tritt 116). Undoubtedly, Michael Tritt uses a psychological strategy to critically analyze â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†. He carefully constructs his criticism through quotes from other critics and the short story. Sigmund Freud is also quoted because he theorized the projection process.

Energy Drinks Essay

Introduction Sir Isaac Newton was right when he saidâ€Å"what goes up must come down† . This rings true when talking about energy drinks. These products promise to provide heightened awareness, more energy, more endurance some even reference to the consumer you will have wings. So when consuming these products what are you really drinking? Do they provide the energy boost they promise? Are they harmful? Should the FDA do more investigating into the safety of these so-called energy drinks? These are questions I had going into this as a consumer of energy drinks myself, I was interested in how harmful they are too the consumer. In this paper I hope to provide a better insight to a product that is popular and in demand; but little is known about. What Are You Drinking? Energy drinks contain most of the same major ingredients caffeine, taurine, glucronolactone, niacin and panax ginseng just to list a few. Let’s start with caffeine it is a central nervous system stimulant that has the effect of temporarily warding off drowsiness and restoring alertness. As of studies done by (Lovett, Richard) 90% of adults consume caffeine daily in different ways. Most of the energy from these drinks comes from the sugar and caffeine not the unnecessary extras (Suzanne Farrell MS, RD). Taurine another main ingredient is actually an amino acid that is found in the human body it is a natural substance that our bodily systems encounter every day. However in these energy drinks it is a synthetic element. Then there is Ginseng is known as an adaptogen, which means it increases resistance to physical, chemical, and biological stress and builds energy and general vitality. These are just a couple of the things in what seems to be in a lot of the energy drinks. The rest of the scientific sounding ingredients came up to be not relevant to the effects these drinks promise. |Beverage (250 ml) |Caffeine content | |Cocaine energy drink |280mg | |Full Throttle |144mg | |Monster |160mg | |Impulse |88 mg | |Red Bull |80 mg | |Naughty Boy |80mg | |’V’ |78 mg | |Coca-Cola |48. 75 mg | Do These Drinks Provide The Effects They Promise? Most drinks provide some combination of B vitamins (which help convert sugar to energy and help regulate red blood cells, which deliver oxygen), amino acids (e. g. , taurine), antioxidants(milk thisle, vitamin C), and stimulants, ranging from the reliable (caffeine, guarana) to the alleged (horny goat weed). Yes, they do. Smit and colleagues found that energy drinks, as compared to placebo, had energizing effects among 18 to 55 year old participants, with effects being strongest 30 to 60 minutes after consumption and sustained at least 90 minutes. Caffeine was found to be the primary constituent responsible for these effects. Although there is no human requirement for caffeine, even low doses of caffeine (12. 5 to 100 mg) improve cognitive performance and mood (Smit HJ). Because this is still such an understudied topic it is hard to say that these drinks provide the effect they promise. The fact is caffeine affects everyone different due to age, size, tolerance, consumption and lack of sleep all these things contribute to how these drinks will affect you. Are They Harmful? This question was the one I was most interested in there is so much controversy around this question. Many energy drinks have a very high percentage of carbohydrates that can make it more difficult for food and nutrients to be absorbed into the bloodstream from the intestines. In some cases, gastrointestinal problems and distress are a possibility. When an energy drink has a high sugar content, it can have a laxative effect, as well as causing a sudden â€Å"crash† when the sugar leaves the bloodstream and the energy high disappears. Researchers found that within four hours of drinking various energy drinks, the 15 participants’ blood pressure rates increased approximately 10 percent for the systolic rate, 8 percent for the diastolic rate and heart rates increased 11 percent (Wayne state university study). When given to test rats in an experimental laboratory, it was found that the taurine caused anxiety, irritability, high sensitivity to noise, and self-mutilations. However, this data does not mean that the same effects will occur in humans the differences between rats and people are obviously substantial. That to me seems sort of scary. The Australian Consumers’ Association advises that while energy drinks may be scientifically safe, young people especially need to be aware of their contents. Research shows that children and young people who consume energy drinks may suffer sleep problems, bed-wetting and anxiety. Children who consume two or more cans of energy drinks a day may become irritable and anxious. Women who are pregnant are advised to avoid energy drinks (especially during the first three months of pregnancy), as high amounts of caffeine can increase the risk of miscarriage, difficult birth and delivery of low-weight babies. (Australian Consumers Association) Drinking these drinks while consuming alcohol can also be very harmful there have been reports of young people dying, possibly as a result of mixing of alcohol and energy drinks. Also Since the absorption of nutrients is slower; there is a large chance that the fluid absorption rate of the body is also slower. Difficulty in natural re-hydration of the body during workouts can cause danger to the person’s health. Athletes, who lose great quantities of fluids during games and practices, should be aware of this circumstance for they are one of the target markets of energy drinks. Should The FDA Do More Investigating As To The Safety Of Energy Drinks? Regulation of foods and drugs in the United States falls under the guidance of the Food and Drug Administration under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA). Functional foods, like energy drinks, may be regulated as foods, dietary supplements, drugs, medical foods or food for special dietary use. Though energy drinks have many of the same qualities as soft drinks, which are regulated as foods, they are regulated differently because the functional beverage industry is part of the trend of â€Å"nutraceutical foods† that occupies the gray area between food and dietary supplements. Dietary supplements are generally characterized as foods, despite their drug-like properties and their lack of testing on the market. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration have not conducted any serious investigations into the safety of energy drinks. As dietary supplements, energy drinks are subject to much less stringent regulations than other foodstuffs. However certain nations limit the locations that can sell energy drinks. Other countries require warning labels on individual cans of energy drinks. Still other countries have issued national statements regarding their safety. Some countries, such as Canada, have not yet approved certain energy drinks for sale. So shouldn’t the FDA take a closer look as to how these drinks are labeled and marketed and shouldn’t there be more investigating as to its effects on their consumer. Conclusion As a consumer of at least two if not more monster energy drinks a day I found the information was good to know. I do think that the FDA needs to make it where they do inform the consumer of the risks on the label especially because these drinks are very popular in teens. After all that I found I find it interesting that the public is so misinformed about all the ingredients in these drinks because really the caffeine is what is giving them the boost not all the scientific sounding ingredients. I think that it is most important for consumers to know that when taking in such high levels of caffeine you will go up but you must come down. Bibliography Lovett, Richard (24 September 2005). â€Å"Coffee: The demon drink? † (Fee required). New Scientist (2518). http://www. newscientist. com/article. ns? id=mg18725181. 700. Retrieved 2009-08-03. Suzanne Farrell, MS, RD, a spokeswoman for the American Dietetic Association. Webmd. com Smit HJ, Rogers PJ: Effects of low doses of caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and thirst in low and higher caffeine consumers. Psychopharmacology 2000, 152:167-173. William J. McGuire, the Communication-Persuasion Model and Health-Risk Labeling, in Product Labeling and Health Risks Bichler A, Swenson A, Harris MA: A combination of caffeine and taurine has no effect on short term memory but induces changes in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure. Amino Acids 2006 http://www. naturalhealthontheweb. com Australian Drug Foundation’s Druginfo Clearinghouse. http://www. redbull. com/faq/index. html. http://www. safefoodonline. com/news/n_190302. asp. Monster energy [http://www. monsterenergy. com/product/energy. php www. fda. gov wellnessandnutrition. com edrinks. net Smit HJ, Rogers PJ: Effects of low doses of caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and thirst in low and higher caffeine consumers. Psychopharmacology 2000, 152:167-173. http://www. naturalhealthontheweb. com Australian Drug Foundation’s Druginfo Clearinghouse. http://www. redbull. com/faq/index. html. http://www. safefoodonline. com/news/n_190302. asp Monster energy [http://www. monsterenergy. com/product/energy. php] Introduction Sir Isaac Newton was right when he saidâ€Å"what goes up must come down† . This rings true when talking about energy drinks. These products promise to provide heightened awareness, more energy, more endurance some even reference to the consumer you will have wings. So when consuming these products what are you really drinking? Do they provide the energy boost they promise? Are they harmful? Should the FDA do more investigating into the safety of these so-called energy drinks? These are questions I had going into this as a consumer of energy drinks myself, I was interested in how harmful they are too the consumer. In this paper I hope to provide a better insight to a product that is popular and in demand; but little is known about. What Are You Drinking? Energy drinks contain most of the same major ingredients caffeine, taurine, glucronolactone, niacin and panax ginseng just to list a few. Let’s start with caffeine it is a central nervous system stimulant that has the effect of temporarily warding off drowsiness and restoring alertness. As of studies done by (Lovett, Richard) 90% of adults consume caffeine daily in different ways. Most of the energy from these drinks comes from the sugar and caffeine not the unnecessary extras (Suzanne Farrell MS, RD). Taurine another main ingredient is actually an amino acid that is found in the human body it is a natural substance that our bodily systems encounter every day. However in these energy drinks it is a synthetic element. Then there is Ginseng is known as an adaptogen, which means it increases resistance to physical, chemical, and biological stress and builds energy and general vitality. These are just a couple of the things in what seems to be in a lot of the energy drinks. The rest of the scientific sounding ingredients came up to be not relevant to the effects these drinks promise. |Beverage (250 ml) |Caffeine content | |Cocaine energy drink |280mg | |Full Throttle |144mg | |Monster |160mg | |Impulse |88 mg | |Red Bull |80 mg | |Naughty Boy |80mg | |’V’ |78 mg | |Coca-Cola |48. 75 mg | Do These Drinks Provide The Effects They Promise? Most drinks provide some combination of B vitamins (which help convert sugar to energy and help regulate red blood cells, which deliver oxygen), amino acids (e. g. , taurine), antioxidants(milk thisle, vitamin C), and stimulants, ranging from the reliable (caffeine, guarana) to the alleged (horny goat weed). Yes, they do. Smit and colleagues found that energy drinks, as compared to placebo, had energizing effects among 18 to 55 year old participants, with effects being strongest 30 to 60 minutes after consumption and sustained at least 90 minutes. Caffeine was found to be the primary constituent responsible for these effects. Although there is no human requirement for caffeine, even low doses of caffeine (12. 5 to 100 mg) improve cognitive performance and mood (Smit HJ). Because this is still such an understudied topic it is hard to say that these drinks provide the effect they promise. The fact is caffeine affects everyone different due to age, size, tolerance, consumption and lack of sleep all these things contribute to how these drinks will affect you. Are They Harmful? This question was the one I was most interested in there is so much controversy around this question. Many energy drinks have a very high percentage of carbohydrates that can make it more difficult for food and nutrients to be absorbed into the bloodstream from the intestines. In some cases, gastrointestinal problems and distress are a possibility. When an energy drink has a high sugar content, it can have a laxative effect, as well as causing a sudden â€Å"crash† when the sugar leaves the bloodstream and the energy high disappears. Researchers found that within four hours of drinking various energy drinks, the 15 participants’ blood pressure rates increased approximately 10 percent for the systolic rate, 8 percent for the diastolic rate and heart rates increased 11 percent (Wayne state university study). When given to test rats in an experimental laboratory, it was found that the taurine caused anxiety, irritability, high sensitivity to noise, and self-mutilations. However, this data does not mean that the same effects will occur in humans the differences between rats and people are obviously substantial. That to me seems sort of scary. The Australian Consumers’ Association advises that while energy drinks may be scientifically safe, young people especially need to be aware of their contents. Research shows that children and young people who consume energy drinks may suffer sleep problems, bed-wetting and anxiety. Children who consume two or more cans of energy drinks a day may become irritable and anxious. Women who are pregnant are advised to avoid energy drinks (especially during the first three months of pregnancy), as high amounts of caffeine can increase the risk of miscarriage, difficult birth and delivery of low-weight babies. (Australian Consumers Association) Drinking these drinks while consuming alcohol can also be very harmful there have been reports of young people dying, possibly as a result of mixing of alcohol and energy drinks. Also Since the absorption of nutrients is slower; there is a large chance that the fluid absorption rate of the body is also slower. Difficulty in natural re-hydration of the body during workouts can cause danger to the person’s health. Athletes, who lose great quantities of fluids during games and practices, should be aware of this circumstance for they are one of the target markets of energy drinks. Should The FDA Do More Investigating As To The Safety Of Energy Drinks? Regulation of foods and drugs in the United States falls under the guidance of the Food and Drug Administration under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA). Functional foods, like energy drinks, may be regulated as foods, dietary supplements, drugs, medical foods or food for special dietary use. Though energy drinks have many of the same qualities as soft drinks, which are regulated as foods, they are regulated differently because the functional beverage industry is part of the trend of â€Å"nutraceutical foods† that occupies the gray area between food and dietary supplements. Dietary supplements are generally characterized as foods, despite their drug-like properties and their lack of testing on the market. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration have not conducted any serious investigations into the safety of energy drinks. As dietary supplements, energy drinks are subject to much less stringent regulations than other foodstuffs. However certain nations limit the locations that can sell energy drinks. Other countries require warning labels on individual cans of energy drinks. Still other countries have issued national statements regarding their safety. Some countries, such as Canada, have not yet approved certain energy drinks for sale. So shouldn’t the FDA take a closer look as to how these drinks are labeled and marketed and shouldn’t there be more investigating as to its effects on their consumer. Conclusion As a consumer of at least two if not more monster energy drinks a day I found the information was good to know. I do think that the FDA needs to make it where they do inform the consumer of the risks on the label especially because these drinks are very popular in teens. After all that I found I find it interesting that the public is so misinformed about all the ingredients in these drinks because really the caffeine is what is giving them the boost not all the scientific sounding ingredients. I think that it is most important for consumers to know that when taking in such high levels of caffeine you will go up but you must come down. Bibliography Lovett, Richard (24 September 2005). â€Å"Coffee: The demon drink? † (Fee required). New Scientist (2518). http://www. newscientist. com/article. ns? id=mg18725181. 700. Retrieved 2009-08-03. Suzanne Farrell, MS, RD, a spokeswoman for the American Dietetic Association. Webmd. com Smit HJ, Rogers PJ: Effects of low doses of caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and thirst in low and higher caffeine consumers. Psychopharmacology 2000, 152:167-173. William J. McGuire, the Communication-Persuasion Model and Health-Risk Labeling, in Product Labeling and Health Risks Bichler A, Swenson A, Harris MA: A combination of caffeine and taurine has no effect on short term memory but induces changes in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure. Amino Acids 2006 http://www. naturalhealthontheweb. com Australian Drug Foundation’s Druginfo Clearinghouse. http://www. redbull. com/faq/index. html. http://www. safefoodonline. com/news/n_190302. asp Monster energy [http://www. monsterenergy. com/product/energy. php www. fda. gov wellnessandnutrition. com edrinks. net Smit HJ, Rogers PJ: Effects of low doses of caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and thirst in low and higher caffeine consumers. Psychopharmacology 2000, 152:167-173. http://www. naturalhealthontheweb. com Australian Drug Foundation’s Druginfo Clearinghouse. http://www. redbull. com/faq/index. html. http://www. safefoodonline. com/news/n_190302. asp Monster energy [http://www. monsterenergy. com/product/energy. php] www. fda. gov. . Energy drinks Essay Energy drinks are beverages that can be used to supplement energy and concentration. It contains several ingredients, some good others bad. They contain ingredients such as caffeine, guarana, taurine and many more. Usually they are beneficial, but when taken in large amounts; some ingredients can cause unwelcome side effects. Many people consume energy drinks for enjoyment and the extra kick of energy for the day, but they are not aware of the hidden ingredients that can cause illness. In my opinion I believe that energy drinks are dangerous because they can cause illness, children and teenagers will be affected by the drink and the horrible side effects. The packaging of energy drink might convince you that it is are fine to drink but most of us are unaware of the hidden dangers. Those dangers can put anyone at risk of illness. Energy drinks contain high amounts of sugar similar to soft drink but energy drinks also contain high amounts of caffeine and taurine. Taurine is an amino acid that your body naturally produces. It helps regulate heartbeat, muscle contractions, and energy levels. But when there is too much taurine in our bodies, it can make some body parts overactive, like platelets. Platelets are found in the blood stream and they are very important to the body. They help to clot blood when there is a cut. The sugar makes the platelets overactive which makes them stick together and cause blood clots. This increase risk of heart related disease. In the US a small was conducted, they found that there is a link between the consumption of energy drinks and heart disease or high blood pressure. The researchers found healthy adults who drank two cans of a popular energy drink a day had above normal blood pressure and heart rate. Not only does it affect us both physical and mentally, it can affect children and teens who consume energy drinks. Children and teenagers don’t know what they are consuming and the affect it has on the body. You may see children or teens consuming energy drinks at sporting events instead of sport drinks, to boost energy levels. We may think that energy drinks and sports drinks are the same, but they’re not. Sport drinks provide only carbohydrate and salts to replace those lost in sweat, whilst energy drinks give temporary boost of energy. This may not sound bad but it will affect them over the long term. Like a child suffering with diabetes should not continue drinking energy drinks because the sugars in them can cause an imbalance of insulin. Even the Daily Telegraph thinks that energy drinks are unsafe because it can link to severe illness. The Daily Telegraph has reported â€Å"Energy drinks could be dangerous for children and teenagers,† The newspaper said that the use of high-caffeine drinks has been linked to â€Å"seizures, mania, stroke and sudden death†. Energy drinks can effect children and teenagers and also give people terrible side effects. Some people are not aware that energy drinks can give awful side effects after consumption. There are many side effects that can occur after drinking like vomiting, nausea, and hallucinations. Many ingredients inside energy drinks cause some people allergy reactions. There are many effects that can make people gain weight like people who don’t exercise. The mayo clinic says â€Å"that sugar intake has a direct correlation with weight gain, especially for people who don’t exercise. † But it can get worse, if energy drinks are drank with alcohol, it can make you pass out or get seriously hurt. Energy can drinks can make people sick from the dreadful side effects. However energy drinks create enjoyment among people, it has good taste and contains some good vitamins and herbs like vitamin B, ginseng, ginkgo Biloba and Antioxidants which are good for the body. To finish like to say that we should reconsider drinking energy because they can cause illness, young people will be affected and they can give people terrible side effects.

Theories on Motivation Essay - 1645 Words

Introduction: Motivation can be defined as the inner power or drive that pushes one towards taking a particular course of action. It is much related to desire and ambition and they all work in tandem (Sasson, 2001). Motivation is influenced or caused by factors known as motivators. According to Sigmund Freud, we are compelled to act by unconscious forces within us, which he called our id (Hofstede, 1980). Motivators are either intrinsic (from within) or extrinsic (from without). Intrinsic motivational factors refer to motivators that come from within an individual. They are not influenced by external factors. This kind of motivation comes about as a result of self actualisation or fulfilling one’s personal goals. Malone and Lepper†¦show more content†¦Maslow categorises human needs into five main areas shaped in a pyramid form, which are attained in a hierarchical manner. According to Maslow (1943), lower needs take precedence and must be fulfilled before higher level needs are activated. Thus, individuals progress from the bottom of the pyramid of needs to the top. Maslow’s work has been markedly criticised for its failure to take into account individual differences and cultures. Wahba and Bridgewell (1976) find very little evidence of the ranking of human needs as described by Maslow or even the existence of a definite hierarchy of needs at all. On another front, Hofstede (1984) criticises Maslow’s work for being ethnocentric as it is based on an experiment on a limited sample population in the U.S.A and cannot be extrapolated to describe a universal situation. Alderfer’s Existence, Relatedness and Growth Theory: Alderfer (1969) distinguishes three categories of human needs that influence individual behaviours, which are Existence needs, Relatedness needs and Growth needs. His work can be seen as a more compact form of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs. However, he contrasts with Maslow’s theory in that the human needs he identified are not in anyway attained hierarchically nor do all individuals have to go through the same process to attain their needs. Furthermore, Alderfer proposes the frustration-regressionShow MoreRelatedTheories Of Motivation And Motivation Theories1493 Words   |  6 Pagesextent, needs of theories of motivation are still relevant to contemporary management practice. Theories of motivation are important as it helps managers to understand their employees’ needs of motivations, and to motivate their employees to perform and excel better. There are several motivation theories; this essay will briefly explain six major theories of motivation and discuss thr ee of the theories in more detail. 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A Research Study On Prevention - 1432 Words

In my research I’ve found that prevention is the key to treatment. Here are some suggestions that I propose. Firstly, I suggest that the communities of San Juan County work together to educate the youth early and de-romanticize the drinking experience by having Al anon speakers, speak about the dangers. Real life experiences are proven to hold a greater impact on an audience rather than just some literature. There are 37 states so far to require some sort of drug and alcohol prevention in the classrooms. Although in theory this is a good idea, lack of resources and teacher education on the subject cause the idea to fall short. In a paper wrote for the Hazledon Betty Ford Foundation, Join Together, a nonprofit group established at Boston University School of Public Health reports that schools should not be relied upon to act as the principal provider of general prevention programs. Join Together believes what’s needed is â€Å"a comprehensive community prevention strategy that includes parents and other social institutions†. This is further proving that early indicators of alc oholism may be prevented with the proper training and education. The strategies used in Join Together’s moment include research-based prevention programs, and teacher training specifically for educating parents and students. The sooner kids and teens learn about the indicators of alcoholism the less likely they are to become young adults with alcohol dependency. Join Together also recommends that olderShow MoreRelatedA Research Study On Teenage Pregnancy Prevention1009 Words   |  5 PagesThe purpose of this study is to explore the different types of support teenage mothers have received after the birth of their child. The aim of this study is to explore and evaluate the usefulness of support systems and to gain insight on the types of support teenage mothers received after pregnancy. 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Cultural Diversity And The Perspectives From Manager s...

This essay is in the area of workforce diversity, specifically cultural diversity. The purpose of this essay is to critically examine cultural diversity with the perspectives from manager’s competences and leadership style. Therefore, this essay will critically examine the workforce diversity concept and the implications of leadership, competencies and management. Several of strategies available for managers to deal with diversity in the workplace will be discussed. There are many types of leadership theories and styles, where each of them address cultural diversity in different ways. For this essay, two theories of leadership will be focused on, namely charismatic and transformational leadership. This essay will explore which type of leadership is more appropriate in terms of dealing with cultural diversity. The discussion will also draw upon examples from ANZ to provide supporting evidence. It will be shown from the analysis that ANZ more likely achieves it success by follow ing transformational leadership style. The lessons are that managers of the future will have to be aware of the benefits and costs of transformational leadership style to develop more diverse organization. Workforce is becoming more diverse due to globalization (Podsiadlowski et al. 2013). Gillies (2014) explains that workforce diversity is the heterogeneous and differences among employees in terms of age, cultural background, gender, race, sexual orientation and other characteristics in theShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Behavior : The Department Of Human Resource And Management1524 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Behavior Today public sector is surrounded by people differences, thus an employee’s ideas and ideals may differ from the organization mission. Therefore an organization advance and productivity need strategies that accommodate people diversity characteristics. 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Financial and Economic Crisis Human Capital Investments

Question: Discuss about the Financial and Economic Crisis for Human Capital Investments. Answer: Managing across border Portugal has been affected significantly by the recent financial and economic crisis. This is due to factors needs to be addressed in order to restore the economic status of Portugal. The deficit at the budgets is becoming larger. The lack of change in the policies has led to competitive disinflation; the country has also experienced high unemployment. The continuous decline in the economic status of EU countries has caused the political shockwave and also served as a wake-up call to the policy makers. Each country has been affected by its challenges. Portugal has put in place ambitions which are ambitious to bring back the sustainability of the public finances, also reduce the external imbalances and put back the economy back to its normal. The economic recession in Portugal is over, and the cases of unemployment are going down at a healthy pace. The external competitiveness of Portugal has been restored at a faster relative speed. New improvements are enhancing to react in a flexible manner to further crisis. The economy and the financial crisis The severe macroeconomic problems were evident regarding being vast and frequent budget deficits. In that period Portugal observed low growth rates and also small factor of productivity. The increase in demand caused by the pushed wages well above productivity led to a severe loss of competitiveness. The human capital investments were small hence, the available market for Portuguese labour was also very cheap. Portugal also had low levels of education achievements this would translate to low productivity growth. In 2010, the Portugals sovereign bond rate was cut. The economy adjustment The government has come up with two objectives in trying to respond to the financial debt crisis. And to maintain the stable nature of the Portuguese financial sector. Rebalancing the social and economic costs was tough. The magnitude of the required adjustments was acute compared to the other surrounding countries. The advice from the experts in dealing with the situation was to go with the revised nominal targets in the fiscal plan. Results of the asylum seekers immigration and terrorism The impact on the productivity and the GDP per capita indicates that immigration contributes to high GDP. This is with the recent conclusions made by the office for budget responsibility. However, no consensus has been met regarding the literature on the size of contribution to productivity and GDP per capita raised by the immigrants. The evidence shows that most of the migrants have attained the degree qualifications which is higher than the natives, and this is gradually increasing over time. The implication is that immigration has a positive impact on productivity. In the immigrants labor market will increase, and there has been a dramatic change in the workforce compared to the overall populations. The evidence of foreign workers has grown fastest in the small technical sectors and occupations. The effects on the wages and employment estimate that the payments for immigration on average are small. This tends to bring the rate of employment higher than usual, and this may pose a great danger to insecurity. It is noted that there is downward pressure on the new migrants who try to find work. The strategies required for business to recover in Portugal There is a need for broad reforms that are critical to have a successful rebalancing of the economy, to restore and sustain growth, this enhances the social cohesion in Portugal. The measure should be put in place to ensure that the labor market reforms reduces the employment protection for regular contracts. New sources of growth can be generated to invest effectively and efficiently in the infrastructure and innovation that could assist Portugal to take a good advantage in the global world. The setting of wages have been an obstacle to regaining the competitiveness and have contributed to job loss should be eliminated, and employment in all sector set to promote firm-level bargaining. The government has a significant role to play in the design, implementing and monitoring of reforms agendas all aimed to efficient and effective state. References Ackers, D. (2005) the negotiations on the asylum procedures directive, european Journal of migration and law, vol. 7, no. 1, pp.1-33. Baldaccini, A. And Guild, E. (eds) (2007) terrorism and the foreigner: a Decade of tension around the rule of law in europe (leiden: martinus nijhoff). Baumgartner, F. R. And jones, B. D. (1993) agendas and instability in American politics, 2nd edn (chicago: university of chicago press). Bigo, d. (1998) scurit et immigration: vers une gouvernementalit par Linquitude?, cultures conflits, no. 31-32, pp. 13-38. Boswell, C. And Geddes, A. (2011) migration and mobility in the european Union. (basingstoke: palgrave macmillan). Fullerton, M. (2005) inadmissible in iberia: the fate of asylum seekers in spain And portugal, international journal of refugee law, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 659-687. Geddes, A. (2008) immigration and european integration: towards fortress Europe, 2nd edn (manchester: manchester university press).

Suspension of Habeas Corpus

Habeas Corpus and its Application within the U.S. The original purpose of the writ of habeas corpus was to ensure that an individual could be tried by a judge in court for purported crimes that are attributed to them. Its institution was meant as a means by which a person is given a fair trial and is not unlawfully detained without sufficient cause or evidence to justify their incarceration. In the case of the U.S., the application of the writ of habeas corpus can actually be suspended depending on the following factors as outlined by Article 1, section 9 of the U.S. Constitution:Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Suspension of Habeas Corpus specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More rebellion invasion general public safety as required given unprecedented external/internal circumstances When taking this into consideration, it can be seen that in certain circumstances habeas corpus can be suspended when it involves aspects that endanger public safety. As seen in the events of 9/11, the concept of terrorism has in effect altered America’s perception regarding what can constitute a real and possible danger to its citizenry and as such measures such as the creation of Gunatanamo Bay and the Military Commissions of Act of 2006 thus becomes more justifiable due to the way in which the standard concept of a threat to the state which normally comes in the form of an opposing country has now been changed to focus on combatants who can pose as civilians. It is based on this that this paper is under the assumption that governments have the responsibility to ensure the survival of the state and as such this can at times justify the act of denying people certain freedoms if it means the survival of the state as a whole. Suspension and Implementation of Habeas Corpus as it Applies to the Current Situation An examination of various historical instances surrounding the use and suspension of habeas co rpus reveals several notable instances that show a great deal of relevance to the present day case. The first involves the case of Johnson versus Eisentrager (involving German war criminals that were held within a U.S. administered prison that was within Germany) wherein it was ruled by the U.S. supreme court that in instances where the U.S. government does not hold sovereignty the U.S. Constitution thus does not completely ensure the application of habeas corpus (Katyal, 2008). When taking this particular case into consideration, the case of Guantanamo bay is more along the lines of a prison that is merely administered by the U.S. government, yet the detainees within are under the jurisdiction of Cuba. Thus, from a certain perspective, if you take the case of Johnson versus Eisentrager into consideration, then the suspension of habeas corpus is perfectly valid since the prisoners are not subject to the U.S. government law. Other instances where habeas corpus has been suspended were seen in the aftermath of the attack on Pearl Harbor wherein 10 saboteurs, 8 of whom were German were tried via a secret military court with the writ of habeas corpus not being applicable due to the saboteurs being labeled as unlawful combatants. From a certain perspective, it can be stated that since the individuals within Guantanamo bay are being accused of terrorism which in itself is considered an unlawful action, then their detention and conviction under the Military Commissions of Act of 2006, thus becomes valid since the mere act of terrorism does not necessarily target military installations and personnel but can encompass civilian targets as well as evidenced by the attack on the World Trade Center on September 11.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Evaluation of the Perspective of the Judges When examining the case of Boumediene versus Bush, it is quite interesting to note that the divergent views of the judges involving the suspension of habeas corpus in the case of detainees at Guantanamo bay is a clear example of the clash over traditional views involving national security and the clearly nontraditional nature of the present day security environment (Raughter, 2005). It can be seen that the negative views of judges Souter and Kennedy regarding the inherent problems surrounding the suspension of habeas corpus in the case of the MCA and AEDPA were based on not only historical precedent (as seen in their arguments involving the application of habeas corpus on territories outside of the U.S. as well as its implementation with the case of England and Scotland) but on moral grounds citing the checks and balances system within the U.S. government that prevents too much power from being concentrated on one branch of the government as well as the fact that the detainees within Guantanamo themselves were held for a period of up to six years without suf ficient evidence to show that they were complicit in terrorist actions (Posner, 2007). On the other end of spectrum is the dissent of judges Scalia, Roberts, Alito and Thomas. In this particular case, it can be seen that their arguments are based on what was mentioned earlier involving nontraditional security issues within the present day global security environment. What you have to understand is that from the perspective of the dissenting judges the writ of habeas corpus as it applies to the case of the detainment of foreign nationals was originally meant as a measure that applied to combatants that were part of an enemy state (Neuman, 2010). The problem with terrorism, as explained by Scalia, is that it is incredibly difficult to actually determine who is and who is not a combatant within a foreign theater of war (Dempsey Sahar, 2011. It is usually the case that in periods of conflict it is the enemy state that is held liable for the actions of its soldiers, however in this part icular case there is no state to which the action of terrorism can be attributed to since this is based on an ideology created by a nongovernmental organization. Thus, even though the individuals detained within Guantanamo bay are considered enemy combatants, their possible actions in the future which may or may not result in the loss of American lives cannot be attributed to a particular state and thus no form of commensurate action in the form of reparation or retribution can be applied. Personal Philosophy When examining the current war on terror within the context of the protection of civil liberties, the issue of the survival of the state must be taken into consideration. As it was explained earlier, one of the primary roles of the government is ensuring the survival of state. This is done through a variety of means and methods whether military or political in nature. From my personal perspective, based on the various research texts I have examined on the issue, the necessity o f ensuring the survival of the state often supersedes the concept civil liberties. This was seen in a variety of instances within the international stage involving the suppression of activists within Russia and China and the implementation of martial law in the Philippines.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Suspension of Habeas Corpus specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The U.S. itself is no stranger to the concept of suppression with the famous Communist â€Å"witch hunts† that occurred within the country during the height of the Cold War and the suppression of various civil liberties during this particular period in time in favor of protecting the interests of the state clearly showing that civil liberties are not indelible but rather are transient depending on the situation at hand. One of the views justifying the suppression of civil liberties can be seen in the work of Boot (2008) which states th at extraordinary external events which present a clear and present threat to the safety and security of the state often requires equally extraordinary measures to counteract them (Boot, 2008). In the case of terrorism which falls under the category of a â€Å"nontraditional† security issue, this often entails the implementation of measures of counteraction which do not fall under the traditional domain. While â€Å"traditional† security issues (i.e. conflict between states) entail the implementation of specific rules of conflict including habeas corpus, nontraditional methods of security often deal with situations wherein threats are not so clearly defined (i.e. terrorists posing as civilians) thus necessitating the use of other means of prevention. You also have to take into consideration the fact that when the laws meant to protect the rights of detainees were established they were done under a security environment that primarily dealt with traditional threats. In th is age where nontraditional threats have significantly increased, this necessitates an entirely different means of counteracting them. In this particular age, the process of preventing terrorist activities from taking place has now all boiled down to the acquisition of relevant knowledge and the implementation of measures meant to prevent terrorist events from even occurring. The logic behind this led to the creation of the Guantanamo bay facilities as well as the drone strikes within the region of Pakistan which many have cited as being responsible for terrorist and civilian deaths like. Despite this, it must be questioned what would have been the result if preventive measures such as this had not been implemented in the first place. Some studies such as those by Semple (2011) have indicated that the U.S. drone strikes and the Guantanamo bay facility have actually encouraged anti-U.S. sentiment and the popularization of terrorist action against the U.S. as seen in the recent case o f the death of the U.S. ambassador to Libya as well as numerous attacks on various U.S. embassies within the Middle East (Semple, 2011). On the other hand, there are studies such as those by Greenwald (2011) that indicate that the suspension of habeas corpus, the establishment of Guantanamo bay as well as the drone strikes in the Middle East are a justified way of preventing threats from escalating into actions that may adversely affect more American lives in the future (Scalia, 2008) (Greenwald, 2011).Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is based on this that while I consider the detainment of prisoners at Guantanamo Bay (GITMO) without proper judicial proceedings to be ethically and morally wrong, the fact remains that their detainment can be considered a necessity in order to ensure the protection of the state as a whole. Reference List Boot, M. (2008). Are We Winning the War on Terror? Commentary, 126(1), 15-20. Dempsey, A., Sahar, L. (2011). Spoiling Boumediene: Military Involvement in the   Destruction of Evidence Regarding Detainee Habeas Petitions. Georgetown Journal Of Legal Ethics, 24(3), 497-516. Greenwald, A. (2011). A decade after 9/11 what we got right in the war on terror. Commentary, 132(2), 14-27. Katyal, N. (2008). courting failure. American Lawyer, 24. Neuman, G. L. (2010). The habeas corpus suspension clause AFTER BOUMEDIENE V. BUSH. Columbia Law Review, 110(2), 537-578. Posner, M. (2007). Panel Votes To Restore Habeas Corpus To War Detainees. CongressDaily. p. 12. Raughter, J. (2005). Court s differ on Gitmo detainees. American Legion, 159(1), 12. Scalia, J. (2008). Decision Will Cause More Americans to Be Killed. (Cover story). Human Events, 64(22), 1-8. Semple, M. (2011). Fault lines in the sand. New Statesman, 140(5060), 24-26. This research paper on Suspension of Habeas Corpus was written and submitted by user Esperanza French to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.